11^th International Conference on
Arthroplasty

Arthroplasty are suggested by the Healthcare societies due to several reasons of injuries caused in the surfaces of joints. Majorly arthroplasty are deals with the surgical replacements of joints or joint surfaces with supplementary materials called prosthesis. Hip and knee are the most operated surgeries and surgery on ankle, elbow, shoulder, and fingers are being minimally operated. The surgical procedure do involves major classes of treatment,

• By removing the stiffened region of joints
• By reshape or replacing the damaged tissues with new tissues or prosthesis
• By Total joint replacement
• By the method of Osteotomy, where the surgical operation is carried out in cutting, shortening or lengthen the bones at joints for their positional alignments.

Fracture are known as the broken bone which is referred to be damage in the continuity of the bone. The causes of bone fracture high force impacts or stress on bones. In some cases, the fractures are caused due to some medical conditions and diseases which weakens the bones named the pathological fractures. The fracture includes many conditions where the bones may completely fractured or partially fractured or broken into pieces. The order in which the bones may broke are crosswise, lengthwise or in multiple pieces. Based on causes and symptoms of the bones the fractures are variously divided into groups with their respective medical care and treatments.

Once during the lifetime, everyone would have experienced the common complications of fractures. The fractures are associated with several risk factors which in turn routes to their complications. The fracture not only damages the bone but also the skin surface, in all parts of the body. Among all, compound fracture is considered worldwide the most complicated fracture where one such fracture damages the surrounding of skin and also penetrates the skin by dividing the bones. The risk factors that are caused during the initial level of Orthopedic trauma and Neurovascular and soft tissue damages are considered acute. On the other hand, factors caused at initial treatment or post operative treatments are considered to be the delayed complications includes,

• malunion
• embolic complication 
• Osteomyelitis and loss of function

As nowadays the medical and surgical technologies have developed significantly, the healing of fractures are without problems and with minimum loss of function. The major causes of the fractures are trauma, Osteoporosis and the overuse of bones. The improper usage of bones makes it stressed and causes damage at any part of the body. The fractures are easily identified through their symptoms like swelling, tenderness around the injury, bruising and deformities. The recovery of the fractures takes from weeks to several month depending on the damages on the bone through various medical therapies and care.

Joints are those which makes connection between the bones of a body that provides a functional work to the skeletal system. Major joint injuries occurs in the ankles, shoulders, elbows, hip and knees. The injury in the joints are identified by their symptoms like swelling, inflammation and redness, the range of motion will be limited. Other than minor causes, the major causes of the joint injuries are sprains leading to fractures and dislocations. The wear and tear on joints caused mechanically are termed Osteoarthritis. The body joints that are attacked by our own immune system are termed as Rheumatoid arthritis.

The injuries that are caused to the adult elbow are most commonly known as the radial head fractures. The diameter of the head depends on the various age group and causes of damages. The major process carried out to treat radial head injury is Radial head replacement, which includes major steps of medical process preoperative plan, room preparation for treating patients, Kocher approach to the elbow, Deep dissection, preparation of radial head and neck, size radial head prosthesis, trial and place implant, evaluate elbow range of motion and stability, wound closure, advanced evaluation and management.

Paediatric Orthopaedics deals with the service cares that are provided to the conditions of children either by surgical treatments or by non-surgical treatments. The musculoskeletal conditions that are common among children are treated by the physicians, therapies, orthotists and nurses specialist. These abnormalities are deviations from the normal developments which requires no treatment in some cases where self-recovery takes place, but in some cases deformities are abnormal and requires treatment.

The total shoulder arthroplasty is the surgical development techniques for the treatment of arthritic shoulder. The main objective of the surgery is the restoring the functional capacity, comfort and motion of the arthritic shoulder. In this total shoulder replacement plays a major role in the surgical procedure where the arthritic ball of the shoulder is replaced by a smooth metal ball that is fixed to the arm bone by a stem that fits it. Among other techniques, TSA provides a rapid and complete improvement of the function of shoulder with arthritis.

Total elbow arthroplasty is the technical methodology that is used in the treatment of damaged parts of humerus and ulna of the body. The arthroplasty surgery method is termed as total elbow replacement, where the damaged parts of Humerus or Ulna are replaced with the artificial prosthesis components. The prosthesis are majorly made with metal and plastic hinge containing two metal stems, which get fit inside the canal, hollow part of the bone.

The wrist arthroplasty is also termed as the total wrist arthroplasty which is a total wrist replacement surgery procedure. These surgical technical are used to treat the severe arthritis that are formed on the wrist as well on the bone of the forearm. The surgical procedure of this technique includes the replacement of the degenerated parts of the wrist bones with the metal prosthesis and polyethylene components. These Arthroplasties are less common when compared to the knee or hip replacements surgeries.

CMC are the Carpometacarpel joint that makes the base joints for the thumb, the carpel bone and a metacarpal of the thumb together. The CMC joint is the place which is mostly affected with arthritis. The arthritis in the CMC joints occur when the flexible tissue that covers and protects the joints wears out. The damage in these tissues causes the bones in the joint to grind together making the joint down, leads to the pain and difficulty in moving the thumb. The CMC joint arthritis have both adverse and mild stages, which are treated with advanced surgical developments.

PIP joint replacements are the surgical techniques used in the treatment of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint injuries. Psoriatic arthritis, gout, chondrocalcinosis, and reactive arthritis are the minor contributor for the joint pains but osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the primary contributors that focused for the surgical intervention. In PIP joint arthritis, mostly patients are not suggested with surgeries, they are provided with the Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to decrease the deformity of the bones. The surgical methods are prevalent only to those patients, to whom the drug has no effects in their cure.

The spinal column of the body includes vertebrae with 33 individual bones which are interlocked with each other, these columns are divided into regions called cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx. Among those individuals only 24 bones are movable and help in the motion support of the vertebrate. Artificial disc replacement (ADR) is the surgical procedure in which the degenerated invertebrate discs of the spinal column are replaced with the prosthesis devices in the  lower and upper spine. To create an alternative to spinal fusion, this ADR procedure was developed to reduce the pain of operation. 

The hip bone is one of the large bone which majorly consist of three parts namely ilium, ischium and the pubis. In total hip replacement the femoral head and acetabulum are replaced with their corresponding prosthesis components to anchor the bone with its functional motions, in order to replace the severely damaged hip region. In Total hip arthroplasty both the hip bones are replaced completely with the ball and socket joint prosthesis whereas in Hemiarthroplasty, the surgical process includes only the replacement of one half of the hip joint with the artificial components.

The largest joint of body is the knee, which is most easily injured. The major components of the knee joints are thighbone, shinbone and kneecap. The most common injuries that affect the knee joints are fractures, dislocation, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries, Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injuries, Collateral Ligament Injuries, Meniscal Tears, Tendon Tears. The initial injuries of the knee are treated by the RICE method- rest, ice, gentle compression and elevation. But based on the severity of the injury both surgical and non-surgical treatments are preferred by the professionals depending on the patients.

Ankle joint is one of the complex joint that includes three bones- the tibia, the fibula and the talus, all these bones together provides the motion support for the ankle joint. Majorly people suffer from the ankle arthritis, where the cartilage of the joint gets wear out. The ankle arthroplasty is a surgical technique where the damaged part of the ankle is replaced with the combination of metal and medical grade plastics, polyethylene which are similar process to the hip and knee replacement. These replacement method regain the motion activities, allow the patients to relieve pain and return to their normal activities.

Biomaterials are one of the growing developmental technology in last 50 years which has a major role in the medical implants. These biomaterials are engineered artificial substances those gets interacted with the biological system to regain or replace the bodily function. The various applications of biomaterials in Orthopedics are joint replacements, bone plates, bone cement, artificial ligaments and tendons. The most important aspect of the biomaterials in the living system is its Biocompatability of the material in either inducing or rejecting the Immune response. Other than compatibility, the natures of material like bioactive response, biodegradable and bioinert also has an significant role in material selection. 

Infection is the process of invasion by causative agents which gets multiplied and produce toxins, resulting in the illness of the biological system. Mostly, bones and joints are infected by the bacterial or fungal organisms which gets invaded through our skin, eyes, ears, mouth, nose and also mucous membranes, called the septic arthritis. Those infections that are caused by bacteria in bones are termed the Osteomyelitis. The diagnosis method varies from laboratory test to various internal view scans. Intravenous antibiotics are used to fight against infections, vasopressor medications, insulin and corticosteroids are other therapies involved in the treatment against infections.

Arthroplasty surgeries are one of the most successful medical technology which has a huge future in its developmental scope. Recently, a cellular allograft named ViviGen Formable was launched which has the ability in bone formation during the spinal surgery and also in various trauma and musculoskeletal surgery procedures. Also, a new Titanium fiber plates are identified that do not cause bone embrittlement used in a bone repair for prolonged period. In Ayurveda, Bowwellia serrata has evidence in treating the Osteoarthritis that rejects the joint pain and inflammation. The recent technologies majorly focuses on the objectives of pain reduction, time loss, control of inflammation, less disruptions with long term effects.